陕西渭北地区苹果园土壤有机质现状评价

为了了解陕西省渭北苹果园土壤有机质含量现状，选取该区有代表性的56个果园，调查了施用有机肥料的种类、方法、施肥量和苹果产量，分析不同深度的土壤有机质含量。结果表明：平均施肥量及有机质含量与苹果产量呈正相关；渭北地区苹果园土壤0～40cm土层有机质含量平均值为1．26％，总体处于中等水平，变幅在0．86％～2．17％；有机质0～40cm含量（1．26％）明显大于40～60cm含量（0．90％），且不同地区含量差别较大：不同地区土壤有机质的垂直分布存在差异。最后，根据试验结果提出了陕西省苹果园土壤有机质含量分级指标。     

Economic Contribution of Draught Animals to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mazahua</Emphasis> Smallholder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campesino</Emphasis> Farming Systems in the Highlands of Central Mexico

The economic contribution of draught animals to smallholder Mazahua campesino systems in two mountain villages of San Felipe del Progreso, in the central highlands of Mexico, was assessed. Campesinos rely on draught animals for cultivation tasks, as pack animals, and as transport for agricultural and domestic activities. The villages were San Pablo Tlalchichilpa (SPT) and La Concepción Mayorazgo (LCM). Twelve households that possessed draught animals were monitored from July 1999 to June 2000, nine in SPT and three in LCM, in terms of animal inventories and income from their draught animals, in cash and opportunity values. Equines in SPT have substituted bulls, and are recognized for their multipurpose contribution, while in LCM bulls are still used for ploughing the land. Overall total mean gross income was US$490.78 per farm per year, plus US$56 as opportunity value of the fertilizer value of manure for both villages. Deducting estimated costs, owning draught animals leaves a mean net margin of US$412.50/year in SPT and of US$285.64/year in LCM. There is a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between ownership of draught animals and incomes, with a regression coefficient of US$279.16 per year per draught animal. Besides positive economic returns, having work animals alleviates drudgery for the campesino families.     

不同保护性耕作对渭北旱塬麦玉轮作田肥力和产量的影响

2007～2010年在渭北旱塬实施了冬小麦-春玉米轮作模式连续保护性耕作定位试验,研究了秸秆覆盖免耕、秸秆覆盖深松和秸秆还田翻耕等不同保护性耕作方式和平衡施肥、无肥(或低肥)和常规施肥处理组合对土壤养分、WUE和作物产量的影响.结果表明:随着保护性耕作年限延长,0～40 cm土层土壤养分含量显著增加;有机质含量由研究初...     

Land Use and Cover Dynamics Since 1964 in the Afro‐Alpine Vegetation Belt: Lib Amba Mountain in North Ethiopia

Human‐induced land use and land cover (LUC) changes threaten the ecosystem services of the vulnerable tropical afro‐alpine vegetation. Several LUC change studies are available for the Ethiopian highlands, but relatively little is known about LUC change in the afro‐alpine zones. In this study, LUC changes between 1964 and 2012 were mapped for the afro‐alpine zone of Lib Amba Mountain, part of the Abune Yosef Mountains in North Ethiopia. Historical LUC was derived from georeferenced aerial photographs of 1964 and 1982, and the present LUC (2012) from Bing Map satellite imagery. Based on these successive LUC maps a time‐depth map, LUC proportions, LUC transition matrices and LUC change trajectories were calculated. Two main phases of LUC change could be distinguished linked to the neo‐Boserupian perspective. (i) Between 1964 and 1982, there were large‐scale deforestation and general degradation of the vegetation above 3500 m, in a period of low population pressure; (ii) Between 1982 and 2012, an intensification of land use prevailed accompanied with a slight regeneration of the vegetation and the Erica arborea L. forest, under increased population pressure. Depth interviews indicated that local and governmental land management measures are very important for the protection against vegetation depletion and soil degradation. Quick recovery of the forest on Lib Amba provides confidence that degraded afro‐alpine areas would benefit in a short time from complete protection, given the vicinity of remaining patches of afro‐alpine vegetation. Management interventions are thus vital to restore the important ecosystem services of the afro‐alpine vegetation belt. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Policy and institutional support for agroforestry: an analysis of two Ecuadorian case studies

Institutional and policy issues are now recognized as high priority items in agroforestry research. However, such studies based on actual field experiences seldom seem to have been undertaken. To help address this deficiency, a study was undertaken in Ecuador to evaluate institutional and policy impacts on agroforestry dissemination using two field projects as case studies.The projects were in contrasting ecological locations: the Amazonian lowlands (the Coca Agroforestry Project), and the Andean highlands (the PROMUSTA project). The impact of policy and institutional constraints (such as land tenure, research and extension support, marketing and pricing, and credit) on the implementation of these projects was assessed based on interviews with farmers and project officials as well as analyses of secondary data. The Coca project was found to be adversely impacted by the lack of extension, product marketing, and credit availability. The principal institutional constraints for the Andean project included legal obstacles to farm-land procurement, inadequate extension, little state-financial assistance, and limited affordable credit. The relevance of these issues was location specific: while access to land was not a serious constraint in the lowlands, it was a major issue in the highlands.The study validates the premise that policy and institutional evaluations should become an essential component of design and implementation of agroforestry projects. Although the components of a sound policy framework might be similar in most developing-country situations, it may not be possible to evolve universally applicable procedures for agroforestry-policy formulation because of the location-specificity of the promoted systems and the institutional issue related to their adoption.Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-03861.     

Wheat growth as influenced by application of agroforestry-tree prunings in Ethiopian highlands

The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Enkoy) to application of leaf prunings of nine agroforestry-tree species was investigated in a field trial and a six-week pot trial. The tree species were Grevillea robusta, Erythrina abyssinica, Gliricidia sepium, Albizia schimperiana, Acacia nilotica, Acacia polyacantha, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena pallida and Entada abyssinica. L. leucocephala, L. pallida, G. sepium and Entada abyssinica proved to be good pruning sources in the pot trial. G. robusta, A. polyacantha, A. nilotica and E. abyssinica had adverse effects on wheat seedlings with increased pruning loads probably due to immobilization processes or allelopathic effects. N and lignin content, C/N ratio, lignin/N ratio, phenolics/N ratio and (phenolics + lignin)/N ratio of the pruning material were all significantly correlated with shoot dry matter production of the wheat seedlings. With the exception of Entada abyssinica, which performed well under field conditions, a similar ranking as in the pot trial was established in the field experiment, but at harvest differences were not as pronounced as in the pot trial. Gliricidia treated wheat produced by far the highest grain yield with 248 g/m².This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Shifting cultivation systems practised in Bhutan

In the highlands of Bhutan shifting cultivation remains an important land use practice, covering an area of approximately 200,000 ha. Two systems, bush fallow and grass fallow, are described and discussed. The traditional methods used in the two systems are well adapted to available resources. The systems differ in fallow vegetation, altitude range, major crops, fallow period, farming tools, clearing method, labour inputs, and erosion risks. Soils used for the grass fallow system are low in P and N. Major limitations for the bush fallow system are weed competition and the steep terrain. Returns from labour wereapproximately 10.6 and 4.2 kg grain per day for the bush fallow and the grass fallow system, respectively. Access to market through a recently built road system provides some cultivators with lucrative alternatives in the form of timber, livestock and potato production. Alternative options are more limited in the bush fallow system.This work was supported by the Department of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan and the Swiss Association for Technical Assistance     

渭北刺槐和油松人工林林分质量初步研究

林木质量等级组成和期望成材类型的蓄积量被作为表达渭北黄土高原刺槐和油松人工林的林分质量的数量指标。结果表明，没有利用价值的林木占总林木株数的50%以上；龄级间各期望成材类型的蓄积均值趋于随着龄级的增长而增加，但波动较大，特别是在好的立地条件下生长的刺槐乔林；油松和刺槐矮林在好的立地条件下，期望成材的蓄积量高于其在并的立地条件下的值，对刺槐乔林来说则截然相反；在相同龄级内刺槐乔林的期望成材蓄积量高于刺槐矮林和油松林；由于林分间变异系数太大，因而龄级和好坏立地条件之间各期望成材类型的蓄积量差异并不显著，仅有个别龄级在好和差的立地条件下可见微小的差异；这是由无规则的抚育间代利用造成的，立地越好，采伐强度越大。     

不同有机肥培肥对旱作农田土壤团聚体的影响

【目的】研究不同有机肥施用量和玉米秸秆还田量对土壤团聚体组成和有机质含量的影响。【方法】在渭北旱塬连续3年(2007-2009年)进行有机培肥定位试验,以不施肥处理为对照,研究施用不同量秸秆(9 000、13 500kg/hm2)和有机肥(鸡粪,15 000、22 500kg/hm2)后,不同土层(0～10,10～20cm)土壤团聚体组成和有机质含量的变化。【结果】9 000,13 500kg/hm2秸秆还田和15 000,22 500kg/hm2有机肥处理0～20cm土层土壤有机质含量分别较对照提高了8.92%(P<0.05),9.85%(P<0.01)和7.41%(P<0.05),12.03%(P<0.01)。施用有机肥处理和秸秆还田处理0～20cm土层粒径>0.25mm机械稳定性团聚体含量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。粒径>0.25mm水稳定性团聚体含量随秸秆还田和有机肥施用量的增加而增大,高秸秆和高有机肥处理较对照差异显著(P<0.05)。干筛法测定的土壤团聚体平均质量直径极显著高于对照(P<0.01)。土壤团聚体分散度和不稳定团粒指数在0～20cm土层表现为高秸秆和高有机肥处理较对照明显降低。不同培肥处理粒径≤5～>2和≤1～>0.5mm水稳定性团聚体含量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系。【结论】有机培肥可以显著提高粒径>0.25mm机械稳定性团聚体和水稳定性团聚体含量及有机质含量,有机培肥通过提高有机质含量直接促进了渭北旱塬土壤粒径≤1～>0.5mm水稳定性团聚体的形成,对旱地土壤理化性质具有一定的改善作用。     

渭北黄土高原经济林地土壤养分特征研究

为了探明渭北黄土高原经济林地土壤养分状况及其变化规律,以主要经济林树种杏树、柿树、花椒和核桃作为研究对象,对经济林地土壤养分变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:经济林地由于受成土母质和人为干扰的作用,土壤养分含量变异范围较宽,其中养分变异范围中碱解氮的变幅最小,而速效磷最大,达74.17%;不同的经济林地土壤养分存在一定的差异性,花椒林地有机质和速效钾含量最高,杏树林地次之,柿树和核桃林地含量较低,碱解氮的变化趋势为:核桃>花椒>杏树>柿树,速效磷的变化趋势为:杏树>柿树>花椒>核桃;各种养分在剖面中的含量具有明显的层次性,表层(0-20cm)养分含量最高,随着剖面深度的增加,养分含量逐渐降低,且降低的幅度越来越小,养分具有明显的“表聚效应”;土壤养分含量之间存在一定的相关性,有机质与速效钾呈显著相关,与碱解氮呈极显著相关,碱解氮与速效钾呈极显著相关,而速效磷与其它养分变化的相关性较低,没有明显规律性;依据黄土高原土壤养分分级指标,所调查经济林土壤有机质和碱解氮处于较低水平,速效磷、速效钾含量丰富,能够满足一般树木生长的需要.